Wrong Medicine For Asia Essays - Stock Market Crashes, Money

Wrong Medicine For Asia The Wrong Medicine for Asia By JEFFREY D. SACHS CAMBRIDGE, Mass. -- In a matter of just a few months, the Asian economies went from being the darlings of the investment community to being virtual pariahs. There was a touch of the absurd in the unfolding drama, as international money managers harshly castigated the very same Asian governments they were praising just months before. The International Monetary Fund has just announced a second bailout package for the region, about $20 billion for Indonesia. That should, in principal, boost confidence. But if it is tied to orthodox financial conditions, including budget cuts and sharply higher interest rates, the package could do more harm than good, transforming a currency crisis into a rip-roaring economic downturn. In the Great Depression, panicked investors fled from weak banks in the United States and abroad. Since banks borrow short term in order to lend long term, they can be thrown into crisis when a large number of depositors suddenly line up to withdraw money. In the days before deposit insurance, individual depositors would all try to be first in line for withdrawals. In 1933, the Federal Reserve played it disastrously wrong. Rather than lending money to the banks to calm the panic and to show the depositors that they could indeed still get their money out, the Fed tightened credit, as financial orthodoxy prescribed. Confidence sank, and the banking system crumbled. The Asian crisis is akin to a bank run. Investors are lining up to be the first out of the region. Much of the panic is a self-feeding frenzy: even if the economies were fundamentally healthy at the start of the panic, nobody wants to be the last one out when currencies are weakening and banks are tottering because of the rapid drain of foreign loans. I t is somehow comforting, as in a good morality tale, to blame corruption and mismanagement in Asia for the crisis. Yes, these exist, and they weaken economic life. But the crisis itself is more pedestrian: no economy can easily weather a panicked withdrawal of confidence, especially if the money was flooding in just months before. The I.M.F. has arrived quickly on the scene, but the East Asian financial crisis is very different from the set of problems that the I.M.F. typically aims to solve. The I.M.F.'s usual target is a government living beyond its means, financing budget deficits by printing money at the central bank. The result is inflation, together with a weakening currency and a drain of foreign exchange reserves. In these circumstances, financial orthodoxy makes sense: cut the budget deficit and restrict central bank credits to the government. The result will be to cut inflation and end the weakening of the currency and loss of foreign exchange reserves. In Southeast Asia, this story simply doesn't apply. Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand have all been running budget surpluses, not deficits. Inflation has been low in all of the countries. Foreign exchange reserves, until this past year, were stable or rising, not falling. The problems emerged in the private sector. In all of the countries, international money market managers and investment banks went on a lending binge from 1993 to 1996. To a varying extent in all of the countries, the short-term borrowing from abroad was used, unwisely, to support long-term investments in real estate and other non-exporting sectors. This year, the bubble burst. Investors woke up to the weakening in Asia's export growth. A combination of rising wage costs, competition from China and lower demand for Asia's exports (especially electronics) caused exports to stagnate in 1996 and the first part of 1997. It became clear that if the Asians were going to compete, their currencies would need to fall against the dollar so their costs of production would be lower. It also became clear that with foreign lending diverted into real estate ventures, there was some risk that the borrowers, especially banks and finance companies, would be unable to service the debts if the exchange rates weakened. After all, rentals on real estate developments would be earned in local currency, while the debts would have to be repaid in dollars. The weaknesses in the Asian economies

Free Essays on Drugs

The state of Illinois, specifically the Chicago area, is the focal point for the flow of illicit drugs into the Great Lakes Region. Chicago is the major hub for the delivery and transshipment of drugs throughout the Great Lakes Region and the Midwest. Three major types of trafficking groups are responsible for most of the drugs in Illinois. Mexican polydrug organizations, Colombian drug organizations trafficking in cocaine and heroin, and Nigerian groups trafficking in Southeast Asian heroin are the major transporters and wholesale distributors of drugs in Chicago. The most common means traffickers use to transport drugs into Chicago are commercial trucks, passenger vehicles, package delivery services, air packages or couriers, and railways. Organized street gangs such as the Gangster Disciples, Vice Lords, and Latin Kings control the distribution and retail of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. Violent crime associated with street gangs, while declining in some urban areas, is increasi ng in suburban and rural areas of the state as these gangs expand their drug markets. Drug use affects the human organism in several ways. A division can be made between psychoactive effects such as changes in perception, cognition, affect, and levels of anxiety or inhibition. Physical effects like increased or diminished heart function, lung function and muscle tension. It is primarily the former effects, which make drugs desirable, and are a major reason for their use. Some of the physical effects enhanced or enduring bodily performance from stimulants, muscle relaxation or sleep from tranquilizers. These psychoactive and physical effects are influenced by the dose, administration mode, psychological or physical condition of the consumer, and the social environment in which drugs are taken. Many of the physical effects are termed because t... Free Essays on Drugs Free Essays on Drugs War on Drugs.† 1.) I have criticized President Nixon’s, â€Å"War on Drugs† both morally and on expediential grounds. Do we have the right to stop an individual from becoming an addict? Force, direct or indirect, should not be allowed to prevent a person’s choice to take drugs or alcohol. The ethical flaw in the war on drugs is similar to alcohol prohibition. 2.) In the drug game, neither the willing buyer or the willing seller has any desire to report a crime. This fact makes informers necessary. Informers and the huge amounts of cash involved leads to corruption, violation of civil rights, forcible entry, and forfeiture of property without due process. 3.) Today, eight times as many people are incarcerated than were in 1970. The number one source for the outrageous prison growth is the war on drugs. 4.) Sher Hosonko calls attention to the fact that we jail 3,109 black men for every 100,000. 5.) The inner cities have an advantage for selling drugs. Therefore, more dealers live in the inner cities. Bullets often fly when arguments between rival drug dealers occur. Ultimately, bullets fly because the drug trade is illegal. 6.) When drugs are illegal it causes prices to soar and quality to decline. Users must maintain a relationship with a criminal to supply their drug habit. An addict who wants treatment has to admit to being a criminal before receiving treatment. 7.) According to the Federal Health and Human Services Department, two-thirds of all terminally ill cancer patients did not receive adequate pain medication. This serious medical injustice is directly linked to pressures placed on physicians who prescribe drugs. 8.) Our war on drugs has undermined the stability of foreign governments. It has also led to thousands of deaths as well as economic loss in these same countries. 9.) Can a policy be moral if it leads to corruption, jail, racism, destroys inner cities, wreaks havoc on misguided individuals and... Free Essays on Drugs Most Americans do not want to spend scarce public funds incarcerating nonviolent marijuana offenders, at a cost of $23,000 per year. Politicians must reconsider our country's priorities and attach more importance to combating violent crime than targeting marijuana smokers. Marijuana prohibition costs taxpayers at least $7.5 billion annually. This is an enormous waste of scarce federal dollars that should be used to target violent crime. Marijuana prohibition makes no exception for the medical use of marijuana. The tens of thousands of seriously ill Americans who presently use marijuana as a therapeutic agent to alleviate symptoms of cancer, AIDS, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis risk arrest and jail to obtain and use their medication. Between 1978 and 1996, 34 states passed laws recognizing marijuana's therapeutic value. Most recently, voters in two states Arizona and California passed laws allowing for the medical use of marijuana under a physician's supervision. Yet, states are severely limited in their ability to implement their medical use laws because of the federal prohibition of marijuana. America tried alcohol prohibition between 1919 and 1931, but discovered that the crime and violence associated with prohibition was more damaging than the evil sought to be prohibited. With tobacco, America has learned over the last decade that education is the most effective way to discourage use. Yet, America fails to apply these lessons to marijuana policy. By stubbornly defining all marijuana smoking as criminal, including that which involves adults smoking in the privacy of their own homes, we are wasting police and prosecutorial resources, clogging courts, filling costly and scarce jail and prison space, and needlessly wrecking the lives and careers of genuinely good citizens. Marijuana legalization offers an important advantage over dec... Free Essays on Drugs BUSH'S DRUG VIDEOS BROKE LAW, ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE DECIDES WASHINGTON - The Government Accountability Office, an investigative arm of Congress, said on Thursday that the Bush administration violated federal law by producing and distributing television news segments about the effects of drug use among young people. The accountability office said the videos "constitute covert propaganda" because the government was not identified as the source of the materials, which were distributed by the Office of National Drug Control Policy. They were broadcast by nearly 300 television stations and reached 22 million households, the office said. The accountability office does not have law enforcement powers, but its decisions on federal spending are usually considered authoritative. In May the office found that the Bush administration had violated the same law by producing television news segments that portrayed the new Medicare law as a boon to the elderly. The accountability office was not critical of the content of the video segments from the White House drug office, but found that the format - a made-for-television "story package" - violated the prohibition on using taxpayer money for propaganda. Representative Henry A. Waxman of California, the senior Democrat on the Government Reform Committee, who requested the review, said the use of the mock news segments broke "a fundamental principle of open government." A spokesman for the drug policy office said the review's conclusions made a "mountain out of a molehill." The spokesman, Tom Riley, noted that Congress had authorized the drug policy office to fashion antidrug messages in motion pictures and television programming and on the Internet. His office stopped distributing the antidrug videos after the G.A.O. report on the Medicare segments, Mr. Riley said, and never acted unlawfully. The drug policy office told investigators that it would have been difficult for "a rea... Free Essays on Drugs DRUGS AND THE EFFECT THEY HAVE ON OUR CHILDREN’S LIVES Criminal Justice Good health allows us to be strong, happy, smart and skillful as we can possibly be. The worst thing about illegal drugs is that they damage people from the inside. Our minds and bodies run like fine tuned machines when we take care of ourselves. Doctors prescribe medicines (which are legal drugs) to heal our bodies when we are sick, but dangerous drugs are not recommended by medical professionals. The largest problem with use of illegal drugs, as well as cigarettes and alcohol, is among our young adults. Products like wine, beer, liquor are very harmful for our children because their bodies and especially their nervous system are still developing. It is stated that cigarettes and alcohol kill more people than cancer and car accidents caused by drunk drivers than all other drugs. Illegal drugs can cause brain damage. These drugs are â€Å"psychoactive,† which means that they change our personality and the way we feel. While under the influence of these drugs we are more likely to endanger our life as well as somebody else’s. These illegal drugs are very addictive and they are very difficult to stop. An addict’s body craves the drug and becomes dependent upon it. The drug-user may even become sick if the drug is discontinued and this is why so many people, children and adults, become a slave to these drugs. More than 100,000 people die every year because of drinking. Children are twice as likely as adults to become involved in fatal drunk-driving car crashes. Half of all assaults against girls or women involve alcohol. Drinking is illegal if you are under the age of 21 and could be arrested for this crime. Nicotine is also very addictive. Once we start smoking it is very difficult to stop and smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer and other diseases. Statistics indicate that tobacco and nicotine related diseases kill more than 400,000 people every year... Free Essays on Drugs America’s inception as a country was founded in smuggling and illegal trade; with that in mind it is of no surprise that drug use and or abuse is a large part of our culture and a fixture in our collective minds. Children today in America go through mandatory drug education (DARE), federal employees are subjected to mandatory drug testing, and all professional athletes are subjected to those as well. Still, even with so many preventative measures being taken to curb Americans from drug use our prison system is choked with drug offenders, and by â€Å"drugs† I am referring to the standard grouping of â€Å"illegal substances† in this country: what are classified as illegal, naturally derived drugs: hallucinogens, narcotics, opiates, and marijuana. The fact of the matter is that the use of these afore-mentioned drugs has reached an all time high in this country. When an observer to this situation sees only what is occurring presently as the problem, then they are w holly misguided. Drug u! se has always been, and most likely always will be a popular pastime in the United States, and in fact drug use per capita is only higher, at least my opinion, because of stringent government inter-action and â€Å"education†, which I believe only introduces more Americans to drugs than would otherwise be aware of such substances. So where did drugs begin in American life? Getting high at least it seems can be traced all the way back to the first settlement of American land in Virginia†¦ When Jamestown was settled in 1607 the English colonists were looking for any sort of possible income. As it happened their location for settlement was located in one of the best possible places in the world for the production of naval products. Hemp was one of the first products grown in Jamestown, its primary use of course was for making stiff naval rope for the ships that would be constructed there, however it is noted that along with the growing of marijuana, the ... Free Essays on Drugs The state of Illinois, specifically the Chicago area, is the focal point for the flow of illicit drugs into the Great Lakes Region. Chicago is the major hub for the delivery and transshipment of drugs throughout the Great Lakes Region and the Midwest. Three major types of trafficking groups are responsible for most of the drugs in Illinois. Mexican polydrug organizations, Colombian drug organizations trafficking in cocaine and heroin, and Nigerian groups trafficking in Southeast Asian heroin are the major transporters and wholesale distributors of drugs in Chicago. The most common means traffickers use to transport drugs into Chicago are commercial trucks, passenger vehicles, package delivery services, air packages or couriers, and railways. Organized street gangs such as the Gangster Disciples, Vice Lords, and Latin Kings control the distribution and retail of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. Violent crime associated with street gangs, while declining in some urban areas, is increasi ng in suburban and rural areas of the state as these gangs expand their drug markets. Drug use affects the human organism in several ways. A division can be made between psychoactive effects such as changes in perception, cognition, affect, and levels of anxiety or inhibition. Physical effects like increased or diminished heart function, lung function and muscle tension. It is primarily the former effects, which make drugs desirable, and are a major reason for their use. Some of the physical effects enhanced or enduring bodily performance from stimulants, muscle relaxation or sleep from tranquilizers. These psychoactive and physical effects are influenced by the dose, administration mode, psychological or physical condition of the consumer, and the social environment in which drugs are taken. Many of the physical effects are termed because t... Free Essays on Drugs Drugs I accept as true the statement, â€Å"Drugs don’t kill people, people who use drugs kill themselves.† In reference to the implied objective reality of drugs, drugs are â€Å"motionless, timeless, undefined, non-perceived, and inanimate until we provide a motive for their use.† It is not until we create motives and provide drugs with meaning that we cause damage to the individual. I hold true that, â€Å"Bad things can happen with drugs, but good things also happen to people who use drugs.† Take for instance, the student who begins to abuse amphetamines to study for midterms. By using a drug, such as cocaine, the student is able to stay awake longer, therefore spending more time studying. Their grades greatly improve. This is a clear example of the â€Å"bad things happen clause.† I intend to draw upon Szasz and the Katiovich and Wieting article to support my views on the above two statements. In regard to the comparison of drugs and guns i ndexed as evil, I will discuss the possibilities of their potential usefulness as well. Drugs tend to become known as the true evil or â€Å"killerâ€Å". In all actuality the drug itself, left alone, does not kill the person. There must be a causal force behind the drug for damage to occur to the person. Addiction and dependency come into play. Once a person tries a drug, they may want to experience the euphoric pleasures associated with the drugs’ affects again and again. Therefore, the individual must repeat the action of ingestion. The individual has control whether to misuse the drug or not. Szasz argues that despite all the rhetoric to the contrary, no one is, or can be killed by an illegal drug. â€Å"If a person dies as a result of using a drug, it is because he chose to do something risky.† Do drugs cause crime, or is it our governments’ way of controlling our communities? Many people blame drugs for every problem in our society, but are drugs the real evil? No one p... Free Essays on Drugs The extermination of illegal drugs has always been one of the most important, worldwide issues. Ending the existence of drug abuse in our society is one of the toughest and most complicated goals we face. Despite constant battles against them, illegal substances continue to exist and thrive in our culture. With all the effort put into the war against drugs, why is there little success? Lack of effort is not the reason our attempts are failing. It is the lack of understanding that leads to the misdirection and failure of our attempts. Obviously a strong desire to use drugs exists, and it is the prevention of this desire that we need to focus on in order to wipe out drug abuse. In fact, our focus is strongly on punishing drug users, yet applying laws against committed drug crimes has not proven to be an effective solution. Drugs are still produced and distributed everywhere, and are taken by many. The reasons people use drugs still exist. Arresting people for drugs does not kill their desire to use them. Reprimanding committed crimes does not eliminate the reason they were committed. Addressing drug offenses after they have been made is not an effective deterrent because the desire for the drug's effect still remains. Why is this desire more influential than the law? Partly because the potential benefits of drugs overwhelm us, and turn our focus away from the potential dangers and consequences. People will go to extreme lengths to be the best, or better than what they presently are. Culture's attitudes toward beauty, money, power as a representation for success drives us to turn to drugs. Drugs symbolize power, status, freedom, and the ultimate â€Å"high† in our world. Drugs can help people achieve higher status, more power, as well as the overwhelming physical and emotional â€Å"escape.† Ultimately, the desire for the drug high is worth the risk which we conceive to be very small of being caught. In reality, the risk of getting c... Free Essays on Drugs It is known that people who are found to be using drugs, most likley of lower class, are put away for longer sentences than people who have committed a worse crime. When Oscar Danilo Blandon was arrested and admitted to crimes that sent others away he was let go easy. The Justice department turned him loose unsupervised most likley due to the fact that he was part of the Nicaraguan priveledged class. They even went as far as to pay him as much as $166,000 since his release. Situtations such as these prove that social status and money can go a long way. The people with high social class are the ones that hold the most power especially when it comes to government issues. Juan Norwin Meneses was listed in the DEA’s computers as a major international drug smuggler however, he was able to live openly and never spent a day in prison. How is this possible when others of lower class try to lead their lives and yet the second anyone of government official finds out that they are involved they get sent away immediately? Its almost as if saying â€Å"If you dont have money or have a high social status you will get put away because no one cares about you, as oppose to others who are well known and are lucrative in what they do. Is it truly fair for a sex offender to get put back on the street rather than someone who just takes drugs to get on with their day? Id rather have the drug dealer walking around. The government or rather the President should start worrying about these issues as well as others here in the United States. If not, then what will happen to our country as time goes on if we dont start to pick up the peices of where we are falling apart the most....

American Presidency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

American Presidency - Essay Example While this makes the presidency smooth to function, it also creates a fault line between the presidency and the other arms of the government, making the sharing of power by these three arms of the government more difficult. Needless to say, synergetic functioning of these three arms of the government is important because of a number of issues. First, the presidency is the only part of the government that is held by one individual and in cases where the individual fails to hold this office in high esteem such as was the case with Richard Nixon’s presidency, there is likely to be a very big damage. Secondly, the presidency needs checks and balances to be in place to always make sure that the integrity of the government is maintained. This leads to a paradox where the executive privilege of the presidency is needed abut at the same time is the risk that this privilege may be abused by office holders. The only solution, therefore, is to create boundaries that define which aspects of the presidency can benefit from these presidential privileges. However, creating these boundaries may not be easy since the functions that the president plays on a daily basis are versatile and not easy to handle. There have been many situations where the issue of presidential executive privilege has been put to trial. One of the most significant of this was the Richard Nixon’s presidency during his trial after he was charged with abuse of the presidential office. The court ruled that although the office of the president enjoyed the presidential privilege, this privilege was not absolute. In this case, where the court feels that the presidential privilege has more negative implications than positive ones, it may require the peeling off of these privileges. A similar decision was reached in Bill Clinton’s time where the court decided that the number of advisers that the president can have who are

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 143

Discussion - Essay Example However, this is where the influence ends. Contrary to conventional logic, man is neither inherently superior to other beings nor the custodian of nature (Huxley, 1936). In fact, even from an intuitive standpoint, some animals complement nature better than man. Ecologically, man exists in nature, not vice-versa. For example, children are born in environments in which the elements necessary for survival (water, breathable air, sunlight, etc.) already abound. As such, man along with other beings, forms part of the mostly passive occupants of the natural world. Nature affects man more than man affects it, and the relationship between the two entities relies on man’s responsibility towards nature (Huxley, 1936). The universality of nature means that through individual responsibility, everybody has a right to make decisions concerning nature. Nature is everywhere, whether in the hinterland or 21st-century cities. When many people make bad decisions about their respective ecosystems, a diffusive effect is created that puts the universe in jeopardy (Dillard, 2011). This implies that individual responsibility is the best way to coexist (not govern) nature. In summary, although resources can be controlled via legal avenues, nature itself can not be controlled by a designated

Existentialism is a Movement of the 20th Century Essay

Existentialism is a Movement of the 20th Century - Essay Example Kierkegaard is known to be the father of existentialism. He is also a highly known philosopher of the 19th century. Kierkegaard developed the idea of living life in a variety of stages. Aesthetical, ethical and religious were his divisions of life. In his work, he claimed that he went through similar experiences during his lifetime, and he used the stages to establish his own philosophy of life and of human existence. He assessed the first two stages with regard to the normal set of beliefs and behavior. However, the last stage developed based on personal and non-rational opinion â€Å"leap of faith† (Cooper 517). The aesthetical stage was characterized by immediacy and failure, to reflect with seriousness upon the nature of a person’s life. The people in this stage were defined as like material things and fulfilling their desires as they occurred. People become slaves to their senses and they tend to want to fulfill desires propelled by their senses. People would tend to fulfill needs they consider appropriate and other people’s opinion did not count. The stage represents two types of lifestyles; reflective and non-reflective immediacy. Alcohol, sex and drugs are some illustrations of satisfying unrefined immediacy. An individual act without thinking because the satisfaction expected does not require thinking, refined immediacy, on the other hand, characterized by thoughtful planning (Cooper 518). Sometimes people think before undertaking a certain action, but the thoughts do not put into consideration moral and ethical values. Reflection of the lifestyle embarked not put into consideration. Planning made in order to gain full satisfaction of the lifestyle. According to Kierkegaard this pleasures of life will eventually vanish, and an individual will be caught in a moment of despair (Kierkegaard n. p). In the end, one will get tired of the life of luxury and satisfaction would hardly be achieved.

Evaluating Theories in Developmental Psychology

Evaluating Theories in Developmental Psychology Michelle Holding A key area studied in developmental psychology is sex and gender. Sex is a biological term which refers to the genetics and DNA which we are born with. Females are born with XX chromosomes and males are born with XY chromosomes. (Hayes 2000, p664) states that sex is the biological quality of the individual, someone is biologically either male or female. Gender is a psychological term which refers to the gender identity a person identifies with, such as masculine or feminine. Are gender is not determined at birth but is learned behaviour. (Hayes 2000, p664) states that gender refers to the social aspects of this distinction, to the behaviour and conduct which the individual engages in as they interact with other people. (Hayes 2000, p18) explains the nature/ nurture debate as an example of determination in psychology. Nature and nurture are two opposing view-points concerned with what causes someone to develop. On one hand naturists see development as arising through innate factors- inherited characteristics. On the other side it is seen through development and learning. The nature perspective explains that we are born this way, with reference to gender, our identity is chosen before we are born it is based on genetics and DNA. The nurture side of the debate argues that we learn our behaviours through the environment, with reference to gender, we learn our gender identity through our environment and social interactions. One theory within developmental psychology is the social learning theory. Within this theory psychologists believe that we learn our behaviours through the environment we are exposed to within our lives. The social learning theory places great importance on observation and reinforcement (Gross 2010). Bandura (1963, cited in Malim Birch, 1998) conducted a study with the aim of seeing if the behaviours of children were reflective of behaviours they had observed. This was a lab experiment, children were separated into two groups. The experimental group was shown video footage of adults behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The control group were not shown the Bobo doll. The children were then observed during play with a Bobo doll. Bandura found that the children from the experimental group displayed more aggressive behaviour towards the bobo doll than the control group. This study took place within a laboratory which means the experimenters had high control over variables, however this means it has low ecological validity as it is not very true to real life. Another study we looked at within the social learning theory is Smith and Lloyd (1978, cited in Hardy Hayes, 1999). This study was to see if mothers treat a baby differently depending upon the baby being dressed as a boy or girl. A baby was dressed in either girl or boy clothes. The mothers were then asked to describe the child’s behaviour. The results showed that the mothers treated the child in a sex stereotypical way depending on how the child was dressed. This study supports the social learning theory as it shows that parents have an influence on gender roles. This study took place in a controlled environment making it easy to replicate and the experimenters had high control over variables, however this also means the study is low on ecological validity as it is not very true to life. Other psychologists believe we learn our gender identity through the cognitive development theory. Kohlberg (1966) explains the cognitive developmental theory of gender as gender role development is a self-socialising process. This is dependent on the child’s sense of being a male or female. If a child is a boy the child will think I am a boy therefore I want to do boy things and he will gain approval for doing so and find this rewarding. The child will seek out, organise and behave in accordance with the information he has regarding gender roles. Social and cognitive factors are both important In the gender learning process. In this theory Kohlberg believes that gender development happens in three stages. Stage one is known as gender labelling, at this stage children can identify themselves and others as male or female, gender is not seen as stable over time or across superficial physical characteristics. Stage two is known as gender stability, here children recognise that ge nder is stable over time, boys will grow up to be daddies and girls will grow up to be mummies. However the unchanging nature of gender is not yet appreciated. Stage three is the gender constancy stage, this is when children have full appreciation of the permanence of gender over time and across situation. (Banerjee, R. 2005) A study which supports this theory is Slaby and Frey (1975, cited in Banerjee, 2005).The aim of this study was to see if childrens’s attention to same sex models was influenced by their level of gender constancy. Fifty five, two-five year olds were assessed using a series of questions to measure the children at each stage of gender development. The children were then classified as high or low on gender constancy. Several weeks later the children then watched a film with a split screen, male on one side, female on the other, eye contact was measured to determine which model on screen the child watched. They found that the children who had high levels of gender constancy watched the same sex model on the screen. This showed that both cognitive and social factors play a part in gender role development. This study was a lab experiment making it easy to replicate and giving the experimenters high control over variables, however it lacks ecological validity as this is not very true to life. This study is praised for scientifically being able to measure the levels of gender constancy within the children. Other criticisms are that it has low time validity as it was carried out in 1975 the results may not be the same in modern society. Only fifty-five children were used during the experiment which is a relatively small sample size therefore it can be argued that the results can not be generalised to the rest of the population. Within the two theories we have discussed the significant difference is that the social learning theory falls within the nurture approach and the cognitive developmental theory falls within the nature approach. In addition to these 2 theories, the psychodynamic theory looked into the emotional development in relation to gender. With evidence to support all theories it is difficult to determine how we develop our gender roles, however it helps teach the importance of both nature and nurture. Bibliography. Gross, R. (2010). Psychology, the science of mind and behaviour. 6th Ed. Hodder Stoughton: London. Hayes, N. (2000). Foundations of Psychology. 3rd Ed. Thomson: London. Hardy, M Heyes, S. (1999). Beginning Psychology. 5th Ed. Oxford University Press: Oxford Malim, T Birch, A. (1998). Introductory Psychology. Palgrave:Basingstoke. Banerjee, R. (2005). Cognition and gender development. [online] OpenLearn. Available at: http://www.open.edu/openlearn/body-mind/childhood-youth/childhood-and-youth-studies/childhood/cognition-and-gender-development [Accessed 14 Oct. 2014]. Page 1

Hearts of Darkness :: Example Personal Narratives

Hearts of Darkness I walked in the door with shaky hands and my heart beating a mile a minute. The building was beautifully decorated and I felt very out of place. I had never had a job before and was nervous that busing tables at a country club wasn't really for me. I walked into the linen room and put on my burgundy bus coat for the first time. Now I was feeling more excited than nervous. I would meet people and learn new things. Maybe this would not be so bad. Everyone seemed very nice and another bus girl offered to give me a tour. We went to the main dining room, a smaller dining room, the bar and the kitchen. She told me not to spend too much time there because the Mexican guys were kind of scary. I thought that was a mean thing to say but I listened and didn't even say hello to them. After a few days I became curious about why she had said to stay away from the guys in the kitchen. I asked around and heard a lot of rumors about sexual harassment. I decided to say hello to some of the Hispanic men anyway and not listen to the rumors. I wanted to find out firsthand if they were true. The first man I saw was short with dark, shoulder-length hair. I said hello and he replied with a shy Hola. When I saw the next man, I said, "Hola" very enthusiastically to let him know I wanted to be friends. He replied with the same and a very broad smile. I decided then that I did not need to listen to other people. These men seemed very nice. From then on I always said hello to my new friends in the kitchen. I'd had two years of Spanish at school and could somewhat communicate with them. I learned their names and a little about their lives. My favorite person at the club turned out to be Felipe, one of the chefs. He was the nicest person I had ever met. He always yelled Chreeeessy! when I came in the kitchen and gave me a huge hug. He would ask me how I was and how my soccer team was doing. I learned that he had a wife and a son.

Doing Business with Multinational Organizations

INTRODUCTION Owing to the fast evolution of information and technology organization are operating in an environment where the geographical boundaries are none existent and a company with a subsidiary in another continent operates as if they are in the same city. This paper seeks to identify how this has affected way of doing business by multinational organization by looking and four aspects, which are cultural differences, ethical issues, strategy and industrial or business. 1. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES Culture plays a very important aspect in various aspects of business especially for multinational corporations (MNC) operation on a global level. Cultural variations affect the way a firm conducts its business in different geographical regions and around different cultural settings so that they widen their market base, increase revenue and reduce conflicts resulting from cultural differences(Deresky,2008).Managers of MNCs have to understand what implications cultures have on various busine ss transactions. The main areas where cultural factors affect multinational corporations are: 1. 1. Influence on Strategy that will be used A multinational company must research on the cultural aspects of a new market they would like to venture in. They have to understand the likes and dislikes, preferences, what is considered right or wrong, what is valued, what is the common belief in the area they are going to operate in.An example is in Saudi Arabia where religion dictates what happens in normal business transactions and daily activities for instance for Muslims who pray five times a day, departmental stores and other businesses created room to allow the Muslim customers and employees to pray moreover during the month of Ramadan, most businesses are closed during the day as the Muslims are fasting and are less active during the day and opt to open in the evenings when people are more active. 1. 2. Communication Language and non-verbal communication are cultural cues that affect passing of messages from one party to another.Communication between parties that come 2 from different cultures becomes more challenging because of the differences elements of culture and what they value in communication. Different cultures have different communication styles (Gallois and Callan ,1997). These communications styles are: 1. 2. 1. Explicit Vs Implicit Communication Explicit communications is where someone when someone talks it is straight to the point and unambiguous for example Americans. Implicit communication is usually indirect and inexact for example Indonesian communication.For instance a mother telling a man that he is not compatible with her daughter serves him with tea and bananas instead of telling him directly (Gallois and Callan ,1997). 1. 2. 2. Direct Vs Indirect Communication Direct communication states direct action for example ‘has this report done before you go home’. When someone hears direct speech they know what is to be done. Greek emp loyees prefer this kind of communication as they prefer orders as compared to their contribution in management decisions. Indirect communication is not authoritative and encourages input from the listener.American managers prefer this kind of communication as it goes with their managerial style of participatory management. 1. 2. 3. Silence Vs Verbal exaggeration Silence is also seen as a way of communication but different cultures perceive silence in different contexts. The Japanese use silence during negotiations as a strategy to control the negotiation process however if their counterparts are 3 Americans, they would see this silence as lack of knowledge or an indication to move to the next point. On the other hand some cultures dramatization and over emphasize to express the gravity of the matter.This has been observed in the Arab states where common words are used at the end of sentences and pronouns will be repeated for emphasis also used are graphical similes and metaphors. Ma nagers in multinational corporations should therefore study very carefully which communication style takes prevalence in what area and use what is preferred (Gallois and Callan ,1997). 1. 3. Non-verbal communication Non-verbal is another way of communicating messages and portrays messages with more emphasis than words as they say actions speak louder than words. Non-verbal communication includes body movements, posture and gestures, facial expressions.In intercultural communication, it is possible that people rely on non-verbal communication especially when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous. This is because non-verbal communication is used to add meaning to our verbal communication. How non-verbal communication is used also varies for example low context cultures like the Americans tend to concentrate less with non-verbal communication. This means that it is not there but it is given little importance compared to the words. Examples of non-verbal communication cues are proxem ics (space), tone of voice, body gestures, facial expressions and eye contact (Gallois and Callan ,1997). . 4. Negotiations This is a process where business people engage in discussions with the objective of 4 reaching an agreement that will result in the parties involved benefiting. Negotiations for multinational corporations are usually with the suppliers of capital (investors), suppliers, service providers, the Governments involved (either domestic or foreign), customers and the society. Managers should be aware of the sensitivity and complexities of negotiations especially that are caused by cultural differences as these are usually the key to success (Horst,1972).The multicultural negotiation process is as outlined below 1. 4. 1. Preparation: Understand the counterpart’s culture as compared to ours and identifying the differences. Meant to make us understand the counterparts culture 1. 4. 2. Relationship building: This stage is used to build trust, some cultures find thi s step irrelevant while others emphasize on relationship building and spend more time here. 1. 4. 3. Exchange task related information: Presentation of details by each the parties and they state their stands. Culture dictates how much information is revealed. . 4. 4. Persuasion: Each party tries to convince the counterparts to take their option by explaining the benefits each would get from their stand. 1. 4. 5. Concession and agreements: This is where agreements are reached and using culture, negotiators know how they will get to this point. 1. 5 Motivation This is what gives human beings or groups the desire or willingness to do something 5 in terms of work and personal life and such a context is greatly influenced by cultural variables that affect attitudes and behavior. Using Hofstede’s ultural dimensions we can evaluate how different motivation methods by multinational corporations would affect employees from different cultures especially if they use the same methods acr oss several countries. 1. 4. 6. Individualism/Collectiveness People who are members to a culture that promote individualism such as the American culture would be motivated by opportunities for individual advancement and autonomy plus they would prefer individual rewarding systems than people of a collectivist nature who would prefer rewards of the entire group and would be motivated with what will advance the entire group. . 4. 7. Uncertainty/Avoidance People who are members of cultures who prefer to avoid opportunity would prefer job security while the opposite would be motivated with risky opportunities for variety and fast track development. 1. 4. 8. Power distance A low power distance culture will be motivated by team work, contribution coming from all members while in a high power distance, motivations comes from the relation ship of the managers and the subordinates. 1. 4. 9.Masculinity/Femininity A masculine culture would prefer the traditional division of work and roles by g ender and each gender to stay in their positions for example the traditional African culture 6 while in a feminine culture is open and will motivate people through flexible roles and equal opportunity . (Harris and Moran ,2000) 2. ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES Globalization has led to the development of worldwide and regional governing bodies such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), European Union (EU) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).They are tasked with regulating interactions between economies and preventing conflicts as well as ensuring business ethics and legal measures are taken care of (Farrell et al, 2008) 2. 1Examples of Regional and world governing bodies 2. 1. 1. World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments.The goals of the WTO include among others the administration of trade agreements, facilitation of trade negotiations, settlement of trade disputes, provision of legally binding ground rules for international commerce and trade policy. Basically WTO attempts to reduce barriers to trade between and within nations and settle trade disputes ( Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2008). The WTO can be said to favour the powerful multi-national corporations, which daily strengthen their grip on the world economy. This has led to smaller nations being forced to open up their trade areas e. China being forced by US to open up its trade 7 to allow U. S imports. Globalization of multinationals has many adverse effects on millions of people throughout the world. The overriding aim of the WTO, in short, is to create a world eminently fit for the multi-national corporations to live in. 2. 1. 2. European Union The European Union is the economic association of over two dozen European countrie s, which seek to create a unified, barrier-free market for products and services throughout the continent, as well as a common currency with a unified authority over that currency.The EU relies on member states to protect collective labor rights. The EU expects member states to have thriving trade unions and employees associations to participate in the legislative process at EU level that can help to implement directives at the national level. The EU also places considerable importance on upholding human rights standards in its dealings with 3rd world countries (Alston, 2005). 2. 1. 3. COMESA The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, is a preferential trading area with nineteen member states stretching from Libya to Zimbabwe.COMESA formed in December 1994, replacing a Preferential Trade Area which had existed since 1981. The main objective of COMESA is to facilitate the removal of all structural and institutional weaknesses of member States, and the promotion of peace; secu rity and stability so as to enable them attain sustained development individually and collectively as a regional bloc. Among other things, COMESA member States have agreed on the need to create and maintain: 8 ? a full free trade area guaranteeing the free movement of goods and services produced within COMESA and the removal of all tariffs and non-tariff barriers; a Customs Union under which goods and services imported from nonCOMESA countries will attract an agreed single tariff in all COMESA states; ? free movement of capita and investment supported by the adoption of common investment practices and policies so as to create a more favorable investment climate for the COMESA region; ? a gradual establishment of a payments union based on the COMESA Clearing House and the eventual establishment of a common monetary union with a common currency; and ?The adoption of common visa arrangements, including the right of establishment leading eventually to the free movement of bona fide pers ons. 2. 2. Effects of World Governing Bodies on globalization and business World governing bodies have opened up trade between member countries and as a result increased globalization namely through: 1. Reducing barriers to international trade through international agreements such as WTO agreements 2. Elimination of tariffs; creation of free trade zones with small or no tariffs 3.Reduced transportation costs, especially resulting from development of containerization for ocean shipping. 4. Reduction or elimination of capital controls 5. Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies for local businesses 9 6. Creation of subsidies for global corporations 7. Harmonization of intellectual property laws across the majority of states, with more restrictions 8. Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (e. g. patents granted by China would be recognized in the United States) 9.Globalization has brought about the formation of alliances between countries such as the G8, NAFTA, EU, such alliances want to improve trade and business amongst themselves and companies operating outside these alliances have quite some disadvantage e. g. flower companies in Kenya selling flowers to the EU 10. World governing bodies and trade alliances such as EU, WTO stipulates the basic ethical rules that should be used in their member states. If companies do not comply they would have campaigns against them creating boycotts for their products. 10 3. STRATEGIES During the last half of the twentieth century, many barriers to international trade fell and a wave of firms began pursuing international strategies to gain a competitive advantage. Business strategies may include geographic expansion, diversification, acquisition, product development, market penetration, retrenchment, divestiture, liquidation, and joint venture. Strategic management enables organizations to recognize and adopt to change more readily; successfully adapting to change is the key to survival and prosperity. 2. 3. Two types of international strategy 2. 3. 1.Global strategy Treat the world as a single market. It is applied where forces for global integration are strong and force for national responsiveness is weak. For example this is true of consumer electronics market. Global Strategy is suitable for: ? ? ? Product is the same in all countries. Centralized control – little decision-making authority on the local level Effective when differences between countries are small 2. 3. 2. Multinational Strategy It treats the world as a portfolio of national opportunities. It is applied where forces for global integration are weak and force for national responsiveness is strong.For example this is true of branded packaged goods business for 11 example strategy pursued by Unilever. Multi domestic strategy is suitable for ? ? ? Products customized for each market Decentralized control – local decision making Effective when there are wide differences between the countr ies 2. 4. Strategies of investing abroad 2. 4. 1. Joint venture Marula (2006) defines joint venture as a venture that is jointly owned and operated by two or more firms. He further explains that many firms penetrate foreign market by engaging in a joint venture with firms that reside in those markets.Advantages of a Joint venture First these organizations are able to apply their respective comparative advantages in a given project and Marula (2006) gives an example of General Mills Inc which joined in a venture with Nestle SA so as that cereals produced by General Mill could be sold through the overseas sales distribution network by Nestle also Xerox Corp and Fuji Co. of Japan engaged in a joint venture that allowed Xerox Corp to penetrate the Japanese market and allowed Fuji to enter the photocopying business.Secondly a joint ventures enables organization especially in the automobile to offer its technological advantages for example General Motors has ongoing joint ventures with au tomobile manufactures in several different countries. 12 Disadvantages of Joint Ventures Association of Certified Charted Accountants (2004) asserts that disagreements may arise over profit shares, amount invested, the management of the joint venture , making the strategy and finally one partner may wish to withdraw from the arrangement. 2. 4. 2.Contract Manufacturing or Licensing Pearce and Robison (2004) define licensing as the transfer of some industrial property right from the licensor to a motivated licensee. They further explain that most tend to be patterns, trademarks, or technical know how that are granted to the licensee for a specified time in return for a royalty and for avoiding tariffs or import quotas. Advantages of Licensing Pearce and Robison (2003) argue that firms that use licensing will benefit from lowering the risk of entry into the foreign markets and used best in companies large enough to have a ombination of international strategic activities and for firms w ith standardized products in narrow margin industries. Disadvantages of Licensing According to Pearce and Robison (2004) is the possibility that the foreign partner will gain the experience and evolve into a major competitor after the contract expires as this was a case between U. S electronics firms with Japanese companies. Secondly they argue that another potential problem stems from the control that the licensor forfeits on production, marketing and 13 general distribution of its products.And this loss of control minimizes a company’s degrees of freedom as it reevaluates its future options. 2. 4. 3. Franchising Pearce and Robison (2004) define Franchising as form of licensing which allows the franchise to sell a highly publicized product or service, using the parent’s brand name or trademark, carefully developed procedures, and marketing strategies. In exchange the franchisee pays a fee to the parent company, typically based on the volume of sales of the franchisor in its defined market area. The local investor who must adhere to the strict policies of the parent operates the franchise.Examples are Avis, Burger King, CocaCola, Hilton, Kentucky fried chicken, Manpower and Pepsi. ACCA (2004) asserts that the franchiser provides the name, any good will associated with it, systems, business methods, support services such as advertising, training and site decoration while the franchisee provides the capital, personal involvement, local market knowledge, payment to the franchiser for the rights, support services and responsibility for day to day running and the ultimate profitability of the franchise.Disadvantages of franchising According to ACCA (2004) search for competent candidates is both costly and time consuming where the franchiser requires many outlets for example McDonalds in UK. Also the control over franchisees is demanding as they are spread over many locations. 14 2. 4. 4. Transnational Alliances Levi (1996) defines transnational allian ces as associations of firms in different countries working together to overcome the limitation of working alone. One of the motivations to form a ransnational alliance is cooperation over research where cost and risks may be too high for any one firm or where different firms may possess different abilities. He gives an example IBM and Siemens of Germany in Memory chip development or marketing of Geo produced in Korea by GM. He further asserts that transnational alliances are compromise between a firm doing everything itself and dealing with a stranger. Advantages Of transnational alliances As Levi (1996) argues organizations form transnational alliances to gain access to foreign markets, to exploit complementary technologies and to reduce time taken for innovation. . 4. 5. Wholly owned foreign subsidiaries Based on a study done by Richard Vernon of Harvard Business School where 187 United States manufacturing with six or more foreign subsidiaries outside of Canada the researcher co ncluded that these multinational corporations tend to be larger, more profitable more advertising and research oriented and more diversified than firms which have not invested abroad. (Horst, 1972) 4. 0 INDUSTRIAL AND BUSINESS Economic reforms/environment affects the business and industry directly.Business plans and programmers are directly influenced by economic factors, 15 such as, interest rates, money supply, price level, consumers’ credit etc. Economic conditions leading to inflation or deflation affect the business activities. Inflation leads to rise in general price-level, whereas deflation leads to fall in price level. Higher petrol prices in the country resulted to a trend in favor of small like Maruti and starlet cars. State of industrial trade and business booms and slumps constitute the economics of market environment, (Lewis, 2006).Recently government initiated various economic policies. As such the impact of these reforms changes on business and industry in the following manner: 2. 5. Buyers’ market In the liberalized policy regime shortages of goods are no more, but there are surplus of goods. These arise due to competition, reduction in cost, up-gradation of technology, improvement in quality and customer convenience. Removal of government restrictions on capacity creation and capacity utilization has also helped increase in the supply of goods.Industry has been given total freedom to expand and diversify. Price control has been removed. Investment now takes place in the areas of demand. All these changes have made the buyer, the sovereign of the market. 2. 6. Export is required for survival Implementation of new trade policy has linked imports to exports. The enterprises should earn foreign exchange by exports and use the same foreign exchange for importing raw material spares and equipments. For example: Reliance Group, Essar World Trade, Ceat, Videocon, Eicher, MRF etc, are being benefited by the 16 new policy. 2. 7.Threat from multinational companies Due to the present policy of liberalization of our government, massive entry of multinationals in the country has started. The vast resources and the modern technology of the present multi-national companies have enabled their subsidiary companies to boost sales and enjoy strategic advantage over their competitors. The presence of multinational companies has been rendering valuable services to our economy. It is supplying superior quality of goods, generating more employment opportunities, promoting modern technology and awakening our business community.Presence of multinational companies has also boosted growth of small industries in the country. 2. 8. Overall competition The new competitive environment has thrown the economy open. There is tough competition between multinationals and there is also competition between local enterprises and foreign enterprises. Competition has now become global. It is not confined to national boundaries. For instance, Weston Electronics Company, which held about 18% of the television market, has been virtually thrown out of the market due to cutthroat competition and technological backwardness. . 9. World class technology Changes in government policy regarding business and industry have provided us with world-class technology. Most companies have also started making investment in research and development. Pharmaceutical industries in countries such as India made 2% investment in R & D. In developed countries investment in 17 research and development is approximately 12%. Multinationals are also bringing world-class technology in the country. This has enabled faster growth of industries. 2. 10. Future not guided by past failuresIt is rightly said that future starts afresh for companies. Future now needs new strategies, high technologies, determined efforts, enthusiasm, organization and leadership. New approaches, systems structures and new leadership must emerge to compete with the multinationals. We mu st forget the past, bury its failures and start working with new endeavor, approaches and leadership. 2. 11. Wider and diverse markets Due to globalization markets have been opened up and can now be widely accessed by companies from various countries.Countries have lift barriers improving flow of goods between them. This has boosted import and export trade among various countries. Regional trading blocks have been formed to improve trade and allow free flow of goods and services among member countries. In the agricultural sector, crop imports are traded at cheaper prices and exchanged for another commodity because of the free trade as entailed among the provisions of bodies such as COMESA or WTO. A country such as Philippines could purchase or import crops from another country at cheaper tariff rates, in case of a shortage.However, on the downside, countries that are more progressive agriculturally could just dump their third-rate or low-class products to their third-world trading c ounterparts. 18 2. 12. Foreign direct investment inflows Local industries which have invested abroad such as Bidco oil refinery is reaping huge profits from its foreign direct investments such as from its investment in Uganda palm plantation. Creation of common markets has given countries incentives to invest in those countries thus leading to investment inflows.Lowering of tariffs: countries such as India have been reaping from enormous opportunities emerging from globalization such as consequent lowering of tariff barriers. Information Technology has given Indian industries formidable brand equity in the global markets. Indian companies have a unique distinction of providing efficient business solutions with cost and quality as an advantage by using state of art technology. Outsourcing is the act of giving a third-party the responsibility of running hat would otherwise be an internal system or service. Due to globalization, most companies and businesses have sought to contract mos t of its services or processes to outsiders. Most industries now use outsourcing such as call centers and can outsource its functions such as marketing, financial, training, transport and distribution and so forth. Capitalize on global trade: most domestic industries now capitalize on global trade by concentrating on the domestic market and then leverage their economies of scale overseas. 2. 13.Devaluation Some countries have had to cope up with the trend of globalization by devaluing their currency such as India. The first step towards globalization was taken with the announcement of the devaluation of Indian currency by 18-19 percent against 19 major currencies in the international foreign exchange market. This was a measure taken in order to resolve the balance of payment crisis. 5. 0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION In conclusion my own critique on globalization is that the whole process has increased power that multinational corporations seems to enjoy .This is seen as a particularly wo rrying phenomenon because it affects the issues that are raised and witnessed everywhere we have a multinational company. An overriding concern is that globalization increases the gap between the haves and the have-not of the world. Unfair labor practices such as child labour, poor working conditions and low remuneration packages are some of issues that have been witnessed in the recent past. Although it’s not clear whether the forces of globalization may produce a general deterioration of working conditions around the world or increase the inequality of working conditions among countries . espite the above ,in rich countries the picture is totally different thus self-interested opposition to globalization with fears that cheap imports or immigrants from other countries will lower the relative wages of low-skilled workers, more rapid economic change and shifting patterns of comparative advantage will increase economic insecurity and international competition. Despite all this countering the claims of globalization skeptics is a century-old economy theory that predicts free trade will reduce a convergence of labour conditions around the world. 20 6. References: ACCA (2004) Strategic business planning and development (paper 3. 5). London: BPP Professional Education Alston, P. (2005). Labour rights as human rights. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Deresky, H. (2008). International Management : Managing Across Borders and Culture (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, Pearson Education. Gallois, C. , & Callan, V. (1997). Communication and culture: A guide for practice. Chichester, UK, Wiley. Ferrell, O. , Fraedrich, J. , & Ferrell, L. (2008). Business Ethics: Ethical decision making and cases. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Horst T. 1972) Firm and Industry Determinants of the Decision to Invest Abroad: An Empirical Study The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Aug. , 1972), pp. 258-266 Kotler, Philip: Marketing Management: nineth edition , Prentice Hall India Lewis D. 3rd ed. (2006): When cultures collide. Leading across cultures. London. Nicholas Brealey International. Levi, Maurice D (1996) International Finance; The markets and financial management multinational business (3rd ed) Singapore: McGraw- 21 McFarlin, D. B. , & Sweeney, P. D. (2006). International Management: Strategic Opportunities and Cultural Challenges (3rd ed. . Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company. O’Carroll, G. (n. d. ). Intercultural Communication – Module: [Intercultural communication]. Retrieved from ECO – European Career Orientation website: http://eco. ittralee. ie// Pearce, J. and Robinson, R. (2004). Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation and Control. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies Schermehorn, J. R. (2005). Organizational Behavior (9th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ Thomas, D. C. (2002). Essentials of International Management: A cross culture Perspective. 2455 Teller Road, Sage Publications Inc. 22

Short essays on Harriet Jacobs and Fredrick Douglass

Short essays on Harriet Jacobs and Fredrick Douglass By Lee A. Zito1.Harriet Jacobs pulished under the psuedonym, Linda Brent. With pseudonyms she was able to protect herself, and the people within her book. If she had used her real name, it might have caused a huge controversy during the period in which she wrote. Jacobs had many anxieties on publishing her story. First of all her story was very personal, sharing your personal life with the masses can be very nerve wrecking. Second of all Jacobs was an ex-slave. She feared that this could influence readers, damaging her career as a writer, or even endanger her life.When It came to feminism, Jacobs was ahead of her time. During the nineteenth century, the unspoken feminine code included piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. To Jacobs, these were absolutely impossible to follow. She had her own ideas about true womanhood, to which fought against sexual harrasment, exploitation, and suppression.English: The four remaining towers of the Fredrick...2.Slave narratives recast the Am erican ideal of the "self-made man" to African Americans, because it is easier for both to relate to eachother. When you are reading something that you relate with, it is easier to understand where the author is coming from, because you too have been their before. For instance, Fredrick Douglass built onto and transformed the legacy of Benjamin Franklin, who's auidience was primarily white men like himself. Fredrick Douglass was able to take Franklin's virtuous feelings and ideas of humanity, but include the African American race as well.3. Harriet Jacobs and Fredrick Douglass both share a relationship within their stories. Both authors had to fight the same fight, in escaping from lives of slavery. Jacobs may have borrowed and modified some of Douglass' conventions in her story, she does this to include to women as well. Jacobs, having a double predjudice...

Bret Hart essays

Bret Hart essays The best there is the best there was and the best there ever will be. Bret Hart was an icon of WWF and WCW. He will always be remembered by his fans. Bret came from a large family . Bret and Owen were the only two members of the family who wanted to become wrestling superstars. Also Stu Hart was involved in the wrestling business. He brought up Owen and Bret to become wrestlers. The Stu family were involved in the WWF for the following reason. Brets father Stu, had a training room, that had everything that a amateur wrestler needed. Weights, wrestling mats, you name it, the room had it all. This room was called The Dungeon, where many great wrestlers trained like Chris Benoit, Owen Hart, etc. The WWF was interested in this dungeon, it brought the Harts to the WWF. Bret had a normal education where there were no types of advantages or anything like that for Bret just because his father was famous. Bret finished Elementary school, and went to Ernest Manning High School and laboured at a gas plant to pay his tuition at Mount Royal College. To do this he had to take one and a half years off High School. Brets favourite subject was English. Bret was not yet interested in wrestling, instead he wanted to direct films. That later changed. Bret Harts most memorable matches were: The Hartfoundation vs. The British Bulldogs (First Tag Team Title Victory), The Hartfoundation vs. Demolition (Second Tag Team Title Victory), Bret Hart vs. Mr. Perfect (First IC Title Victory), Bret Hart vs. Rowdy Rody Piper (Second IC Title Victory), Bret Hart vs. Ric Flair (First World Title Victory), Bret Hart vs. Yokozuna (Second World Title Victory), Bret Hart vs. Diesel(Third World Title Victory), Bret Hart vs. Vader/Steve Austin/The Undertaker (Fourth World Title Victory), Bret Hart vs. The Undertaker (Fifth World Title Title Victory). Bret Harts most favourite matches w...

Personal Portfolio in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Personal Portfolio in Business - Essay Example Professional Experience: Teller, September 2004 to Present Bank of change, Wisconsin Handled diverse accounting dealings and settlement tasks. Gave status of account information and took care of phone enquiries. Customer education on a range of bank products. New hires training and supervision. Teller, August 1998 to September 2004 Lurking bank, Illinois Activated and ordered ATM cards and debit cards. Fund transfers activation. Verified endorsements. Private assistant, July 1994 to June 1998 bank of change, Wisconsin Took care of incoming and out coming mail. Customer handling at the reception and undertook cash drawer reconciliation duties. Education: April 1990 to July 1994 University of Excellence Bachelor in Business Administration: Finance Technical Skills: MS Word literate, data entry skills and bank computer software literate, competent in operation of cash registers Core Competencies: Eye for detail, self motivated, works unsupervised, straight forward and keen listener, har d worker and accountable. References Allan knight, Human resource manager, Bank of change, 854, uptown, Wisconsin, 6752, (445)9974521 Sharleen Shore, Assistant manager, Lurking bank, 75, chase, Illinois, 99754, (064) 2064509 Cover letter March 3, 2011    John Sanders 45, West Street, LA, 65928,    Dear Mr. Burch, in response to your today's ad in the church town newspaper, I would like to apply for a bank teller position at People’s Bank. ... In addition, I activated and ordered ATM cards and debit cards, and verified endorsements. I will bring my accurateness and dependability, my excellent customer service, and experience to my work at People’s Bank. My other work experience includes 4 years as a private assistant at the chase bank, where my responsibilities were taking care of incoming and out coming mail, and handling of customers at the reception and undertook cash drawer reconciliation duties. My resume is attached and references are present upon demand. Am looking forward to working with you in the near future. Thank you in advance. Sincerely yours,   John Sanders. Section 2 Social media is a web-based medium for people to interact socially or makes communication to be a dialogue that is interactive. With time, it has changed communication in organizations, among people and communities (Jantsch, 2007, 5). Social media has been used to detain a broad array of client’s attention this is through advert ising. Advertisement through social media is cheap compared to the old trend of advertisement that would cost millions of dollars (IAB media committee, 2010, 9) As an essential decision-support tool, it has provided a base for customer rapport building. This is by them using the gear and mediums available them to make their decision-making process (Evans and Mcken, 2010, 135& 136). Decision-making social nature has improved with extraordinary force by linking professionals from different generations to each other (Jue et. Al, 2009, 85). In a social networking website, there is potential of one creating useful and meaningful relations with one’s readers (carol, 2011, 187)social network provides a structure of communicating individuals and firms

GRoup think on SMall Group about how the class elaborates how people Essay

GRoup think on SMall Group about how the class elaborates how people go with the group - Essay Example Studies have proved that despite group’s decision on certain matters, individuals of the same group may have different opinions of their own. However, the group exerts certain amount of force on members to preserve unanimity, for which they might sacrifice personal opinions. Internal and external reasons force members to go with the group regardless of personal perspectives. Symptoms of groupthink In order to understand the factors causing groupthink, one should identify the symptoms of this threat. According to Freeman (1999), a group that is vulnerable to groupthink is less likely to seek alternatives in its decision making processes; moreover, it will heed little attention to distinctive ideas or external assistance (p. 249). This attitude is termed as the ‘illusion of infallibility’ due to which the group rebuffs the advice of experts and tends to flaw. Another reason that determines the intensity of groupthink is the size of the organization. According to exp erts, large groups are more likely to promote groupthink. To illustrate, in a comparatively bigger group, individuals are normally reluctant to take up initiatives; instead, they would join the common decision of the group. Fear is the root cause of this unanimity; and to avert flaws, members hide their personal views while they are in big groups. In contrast, a group’s unusually small size also can become a reason for groupthink. Minority groups often tend to maintain socially unfavorable levels of cohesiveness. In order to vie with the majority segments, many minority groups choose subversive activities. We can see such stereotypical ideologies that intensify domestic as well as international tensions across the globe. Political parties, ethnic groups, and even governmental bodies also can be affected by groupthink. As discussed earlier, the exceeding emphasis on unanimity compels individuals to sacrifice their personal opinions often regardless of their relevance to the co ntext. The paucity of multiple responses normally leads to immediate decisions presumably in favor of the group leadership. This really reminds us the significance of invoking personal perspectives during the process of decision making in groups. Furthermore, members’ overdependence is another notable symptom of groupthink. Most of the groups are basically vulnerable to this threat as members maintain higher degree of expectation on leadership. They rely on leader’s quality and skills and anticipate higher level of achievement from him. Once they come to realize the inability or limitation of the leadership, they would attribute group failure to the leadership. Strategic approach to groupthink Although modern organizations pay higher emphasis on teamwork and organizational cohesion as their competitive advantage, they are required to heed genuine effort to the formulation of strategies to meet the challenges of groupthink. The following part will discuss some of the po pular strategies that HR managers often apply in their groups to address groupthink. As Thompson (2006), purports, managers can invite varying perspectives into the decision making process because according to the author, the paucity of varying opinion was the cause of many governmental and organizational failures (p.177). Hence, as the group environment becomes more viable, members will get more opportunity to interact with experts which in turn will positively influence the decision making. The logic is that; the more a group is exposed to external